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This module examines the political, military, intelligence and economic ties between Portugal, Rhodesia (before and after its Unilateral Declaration of Independence in 1965) and apartheid-era South Africa as the three countries resisted calls for equal political representation for men and women of all races. It considers how the three countries exploited their growing financial muscle as well as the circumstances of the Cold War to pursue these ends. The bloc was undone by the Portuguese revolution of April 1974, which led to the independence of Angola and Mozambique and left Rhodesia’s borders exposed. After 1980 only South Africa remained under minority white rule, but it would take until the end of the Cold War for its leadership to abandon apartheid and begin the transition to a one-person, one-vote system. Extensive use is made of recently declassified material gathered in Lisbon and Pretoria.
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DEFYING THE WIND OF CHANGE: PORTUGAL, RHODESIA AND SOUTH AFRICA, 1960-1980
